- Tissues is a group of cells similar in structure and function.
- Plant tissues are of two main types – meristematic and permanent.
- Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue present in the growing regions of the plant.
- Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissue once they lose the ability to divide. They are classified as simple and complex tissues.
- Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are three types of simple tissues. The xylem and phloem are types of complex tissues.
- Animal tissues can be epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue.
- Depending on shape and function, epithelial tissue is classified as squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated and glandular.
- The different types of connective tissues in our body include areolar tissue, adipose tissue, bone, tendon, ligament, cartilage and blood.
- Striated, unstriated and cardiac are three types of muscle tissues.
- Nervous tissue is made of neurons that receive and conduct impulses.
In Chapter Exercise -1
1. What is a tissue?
Solution: A tissue is defined as a cluster of cells, which are similar in structure and work together to perform a particular function.
2. What is the utility of tissues in multicellular organisms?
Solution: The use of tissues in multicellular organisms is to provide structural and mechanical strength as well as to allow division of labour.
In Chapter Exercise -2
3. Name the types of simple tissues.
Solution: The types of simple tissues are as follows:
➢ Parenchyma
➢ Collenchyma
➢ Sclerenchyma
4. Where is apical meristem found?
Solution: In plants, the apical meristem is typically found at:
- The tip of the shoot
- The root of the plant
5. Which tissue makes up the husk of a coconut?
Solution: The sclerenchymatous tissue, which is a type of permanent tissue makes up the husk of the coconut. These tissues causes the plant to become stiff and hard. The cells of this tissue are dead and their cell walls are thickened because of the presence of lignin.
6. What are the constituents of phloem?
Solution: The phloem consists of the following four elements, they are:
➢ Sieve tube
➢ Companion cells
➢ Phloem parenchyma
➢ Phloem fibres
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Science Chapter 5 – The Fundamental Unit of Life (Updated Pattern)
In Chapter Exercise -3
7. Name the tissue responsible for the movement of our body.
Solution: Two tissues jointly are responsible for the movement of our body, namely:
➢ Muscular tissue
➢ Nervous tissue
8. What does a neuron look like?
Solution: A neuron is a nerve cell consisting of the cell body with a nucleus and cytoplasm from which a long and thin hair-like structure emerges. Every neuron has one elongated part known as the axon, and several short and small branched structures known as dendrites. A single neuron can even be a meter long.
9. Give three features of cardiac muscles.
Solution: Cardiac muscles are specialized tissues that have evolved to pump blood throughout the body.
The following are the features of cardiac muscles:
➢ They are cylindrical in shape.
➢ Striated muscle fibers.
➢ They are uninucleated and branched.
➢ These muscles are involuntary in nature.
10. What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Solution: Areolar tissues are typically observed in animals. They are connective tissues and are found in between skin and muscles. They are also located around blood vessels and nerves and are present in the bone marrow. The space inside the organs is filled with these tissues. They support the delicate internal organs and assist in tissue repair in case of damage.
Back Chapter Exercise
1. Define the term ’tissue’.
Solution: A tissue is defined as a cluster of cells, which are similar in structure and work together to perform a particular function.
2. How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.
Solution: The xylem tissue is made up of four main elements, namely:
➢ Vessels
➢ Tracheids
➢ Xylem fibres
➢ Xylem parenchyma
3. How are simple tissues different from complex tissues in plants?
Solution: The following are the differences:
| Simple tissues | Complex tissues |
| They are made up of a single type of cell that performs only one common function | They are made up of more than one kind of cell that coordinates to perform one particular function |
4. Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall.
Solution: The following are the differences between different tissues based on cell wall:
| Parenchyma | Collenchyma | Sclerenchyma |
| Cell walls are thin and made up of cellulose | Cell walls are thick at the edges due to the deposition of pectin | Cell walls are thick due to the deposition of lignin |
5. What are the functions of the stomata?
Solution: Stomata are the tiny pores present on the outer layer of the cells, the epidermis. Stomata bring about the exchange of gases and transpiration.
6. Show the difference between the three types of muscle fibres diagrammatically.
Solution: There are three types of muscle fibres, they are:
1. Cardiac muscles
- Present in the heart.
- Involuntary in nature.
- They have 1 nucleus.
- The muscle fibres are branched.
2. Smooth muscles
- Found in the lungs and alimentary canal.
- Involuntary in nature.
- They have 1 nucleus.
- They are spindle-shaped.
3. Striated muscles
- They are connected to bones
- Voluntary in nature.
- They are long and cylindrical muscle fibres.
- They possess many nuclei.
- Striated muscles are unbranched.
7. What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?
Solution: The cardiac muscles are branched and cylindrical. They are uninucleated and are involuntary. The cardiac muscles bring about a rhythmic contraction and relaxation throughout one’s lifetime.
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8. Differentiate between striated, un-striated and cardiac muscles on the basis of their structure and site/location in the body.
Solution: The following are the differences between different types of muscles, based on their structure and location in the body.
| Character | Striated muscles | Un-striated muscles | Cardiac muscles |
| Shape/Structure | Long and tapering. They are un-branched. | Cylindrical and non–tapering.They are branched. | Cylindrical and non–tapering. They are branched. |
| Location in body | Hands, legs and skeletal muscles | Wall of stomach, intestine, ureter and bronchi | Heart |
| Dark and light bands | Present | Absent | Present but less prominent |
9. Draw a labelled diagram of a neuron.
Solution: The diagram of a neuron along with the labelling is as follows:
10. Name the following.
(a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans.
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants.
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body.
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix.
(f) Tissue present in the brain.
Solution: (a) Tissue that forms the inner lining of our mouth – The epithelial tissue, Squamous epithelium.
(b) Tissue that connects muscle to bone in humans – Tendon
(c) Tissue that transports food in plants – Phloem
(d) Tissue that stores fat in our body – Adipose tissue
(e) Connective tissue with a fluid matrix – Blood, it is a fluid connective tissue
(f) Tissue present in the brain – Nervous tissue
11. Identify the type of tissue in the following:
Skin, the bark of a tree, bone, the lining of kidney tubule, vascular bundle.
Solution:
➢ Skin: Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
➢ Bark of tree: Protective tissue and cork
➢ Bone: Connective tissue
➢ Lining of kidney tubule: Cuboidal epithelial tissue
➢ Vascular bundle: Conducting tissue (xylem and phloem), complex permanent tissue
12. Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present.
Solution: The parenchyma is found in:
- The pith of stems and roots
- When parenchyma contains chlorophyll it is called a chlorenchyma. It is found in green leaves
- Parenchyma found in aquatic plants have large air cavities which enable them to float and are hence called aerenchyma.
13. What is the role of epidermis in plants?
Solution: The epidermis in plants forms an uninterrupted and continuous layer that has no intercellular spaces. It provides protection.
14. How does the cork act as a protective tissue?
Solution: Cork cells are dead. The arrangement of cells is so dense, that there is no intercellular space. Deposition of suberin is observed on the walls of the cells which makes them impervious to water and gases.
15. Complete the following chart.
Solution:
The completed chart is as follows: